This mega-blog attempts to give you my views and thoughts on my current top-20 technical safety / coaching / leadership books. They are not in any particular order as I believe that you should read all twenty of them. They will hopefully whet your appetite on the topics that keep me enthralled and also very busy in my business (Raeda).
I am calling it a ‘mega-blog’ as it is way too large to deserve the name ‘blog’ I hope you enjoy it and the books it talks about.
The Field Guide to Understanding ‘Human Error’ (3rdEd.) Sidney Dekker, Ashgate, 2014
Aimed at helping us understand and distinguish between what Dekker calls the “old view” and the “new view” of safety and ‘human error’, theField Guidemoves us from seeing human error as a cause of something to being a consequence. He reminds us to avoid words like “failure” and to embrace words like “experience” and to step into the shoes of those involved in events in order to try to understand their perspective – their story. Although I have not said much about this book here, I believe it is absolute no-brainer – Just Read It…
Comm check… The Final Flight of Shuttle Columbia.Michael Cabbage and William Harwood, Free Press. 2004.
“It is all about the story” is the title of one of my recent blogs. This book is a fantastic view of the Columbia Shuttle re-entry breakup. It tells the stories from various perspectives. It tells the stories that led to the event. It tells the stories of the participants, and it tells the stories of the management and decision-making teams and processes.
It does not tell us how to do an investigation but I believe it is an important book for those whose job it is to pull together investigation reports. It reminds us to talk to the various perspectives and narratives that need to be told. Of course most of us do not have the time, resources and commitment to write a book about each of the safety investigations we do. We can learn a lot from Cabbage and Harwood about incident story-telling.
Risk Intelligence – How to Live with Uncertainty.Dylan Evans, Atlantic Books. 2012
This interesting (in a good way) book is all about having the right degree of certainty to make sound decisions. It prompted me to think about and to ask others how good we are at knowing what we know and knowing what we don’t know. How risk intelligent are we? This book and it’s concepts is a great thought provoker when doing safety investigations and when thinking about safety and risk management more generally.
Safety Differently – Human Factors for a New Era.Sidney Dekker, CRC Press. 2015
In Dekker’s words, “This book attempts to show where our current thinking is limited; where our vocabulary, our models, and our ideas are constraining progress.” This book brilliantly puts our current approach to safety in perspective of the past, how we got to where we are and then how and why we need to think differently, to “do” safety differently. As Dekker can do so well, he pulls no punches in his messaging and his approach. He is compelling and Safety Differentlyis an essential read for all leaders and ‘safety’ people, whatever that may mean.
Disastrous Decisions – The Human and Organizational Causes of the Gulf of Mexico Blowout. Andrew Hopkins, CCH press. 2012
I have included this book in my top 20 so as to introduce you to Andrew Hopkins if you do not already know his work. Hopkins dedicates a complete book to each catastrophic incident. All Hopkins’ books are excellent, providing a nice balance between the technical discussion on the mechanics of the event in question and a sound analysis of their contributory elements from the many angles and view points that exist.
Pre-accident Investigations – Better Questions.Todd Conklin, CRC Press. 2016
A mixture of quoting and paraphrasing the preface: A basic premise of this book is that we should not care if a worker made a mistake or violated a process – both errors and mistakes are so normal and predictable that they are not even interesting… and never causal.
Todd’s book is all about, as the title unsubtly suggests, asking better questions. Questions that will help us understand how our organization’s processes have let failure manifest into an incident. He very much focuses on learning first, not doing first. And that the only purpose of investigations is to learn and improve.
One quote that I really like: “The prize is not in writing the perfect corrective action; the prize is in asking the perfect question.”
The nuts and bolts of the book are about how to make learning teams work. This is done in seven steps or phases:
“Phase 1: Determine need for Learning Team
Phase 2: First session: Learning mode only
Phase 3: Provide “Soak Time”
Phase 4: Second Session: Start in learning mode
Phase 5: Define current defenses / build new ones
Phase 6: Tracking actions and criteria for closure
Phase 7: Communicate to other applicable areas”
To me, the power of this approach lies in the involvement of those who actually know what their day-to-day work looks like in the (investigation) team, talking through and explaining what I would call Work-As-Normal.
Organizational Accidents Revisited. James Reason, CRC Press. 2016
Reason does a brilliant job of re-capping his earlier – somewhat similarly looking – book of 1997 and then goes on to share some ideas about how to help our people get better at being ERROR – AWARE through foresight training. Chapter eight is an excellent overview of those thinkers who have a slightly, or significantly, different view than Reason. He touches on Turner, Leveson and of course Charles Perrow and Jens Rasmussen – all of which should also be read. But I cannot include every book in my top 20…
James Reason touches on FRAM (Functional Resonance Analysis Method) – the baby of Erik Hollnagel. FRAM is a tool that after many re-reads of the book I do not quite get, but do acknowledge there is something significant in there.
Organizational Accidents Revisitedis a very easy and worthwhile read, especially for those of you using ICAM (Incident Cause Analysis Method).
Start with Why – How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action. Simon Sinek, Penguin. 2011
From an on-line review: “According to Sinek, most leaders talk about WHAT they do – the products or services that make them money. Some leaders talk about HOW – the process they use that sets them apart. Very few leaders talk about (or even know) their WHY – the reason the business exists in the first place.”
This is an awesome book and I mean that in the traditional sense. I was struck by the realization of why starting with why is such an imperative in all we do. It is, with the wonderful power of hindsight, so obvious. If somebody knows WHY doing something is going to help them be better, their life be simpler, healthier or their business be more impactful and they know their why to the depth of their bones – really get it – they will be unstoppable.
I use this concept in all my coaching workshops and in many coaching activities and very much use it when helping leaders at all levels get better at workplace incident investigations by helping them think differently.
In summary, read this book! It is not only about leadership but is also about how we need to think about all we do.
The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture and Deviance at NASA. Diane Vaughan, University of Chicago Press. 1996
The best overview I can give you in order to encourage you to read this prodigious book is from the preface to the book itself:
“The cause of the disaster was a mistake embedded in the banality of organizational life and facilitated by an environment of scarcity and competition, elite bargaining, uncertain technology, incrementalism, patterns of information, routinization, organizational and interorganizational structures, and a complex culture.”
This book covers issues such as ‘learning culture’, the normalization of deviance, the culture of production and structural secrecy. Topics that are well worth understanding and absolutely do not only apply to space shuttle accident investigations.
Drift Into Failure: From Hunting Broken Parts to Understanding Complex Systems. Sidney Dekker, Ashgate. 2011
As usual, Dekker writes to an educated audience and that makes most of his books a tad tough to read for some. Having said that, I thoroughly recommend that you read them all – twice.
What I love about this book is that it offers examples (stories) that help paint the picture Dekker is trying to paint. He gets us to think beyond Newtonian cause and effect thinking to that of complexity and relationship. He also gets us beyond the black and white of Descartes to the many shades of grey.
In many ways, this book is about complexity of systems and finishes up talking about the complexity of drift – the final sentence sums it up: “Complexity allows us to invite more voices into the conversation, and to celebrate the diversity of their contributions. Truth, if there is such a concept, lies in diversity, not Singularity.
A great companion to Drift Into Failureis Scott Snook’s Friendly Fire: The Accidental Shootdown of U.S. Black Hawks over Northern Iraq. Princeton University Press. 2000
Friendly Fire: The Accidental Shootdown of U.S. Black Hawks over Northern Iraq. Scott Snook, Princeton University Press. 2000
This book is the ultimate example of why the concept of ‘root cause’ in sometime complex socio-technical workplace safety incident investigations is a pretty meaningless concept.
It also explores both as a concept and through an excellent narrative, the idea of practical drift. Snook gives us the narrative from the various perspectives of those intimately involved: the individual-level account; the group-level account; the organizational level account and what Snook calls a cross-level account – how the various stories and perspectives all fit together. This is a good book to read alongside Dekker’s Drift Into Failure.
Verbalisation: The Power of Words to Drive Change. Sven Hughes, Verbalisation Limited. 2017
Verbalisation, at least in the context of safety and safety-related incidents, teaches us all about learning (as compared with sharing, which we tend to to ad nauseumafter an incident). To me and to many others, including Karl Weick and Kathleen Sutcliffe in Managing the Unexpected, learning is all about cognitive changes that manifest in changes in behaviour. This is what Verbalisationis all about, To me it appears that this book is also about an advertising exercise for the company (Verbalisation Limited) but I hope you too can see past that and get the huge amount of help I got in relation to tailoring messaging to specific audiences in order to maximize learning. And that is something we all need to get better at.
Turn the Ship Around: A True Story of Turning Followers into Leaders. L. David Marquet, Portfolio Penguin. 2013
This book should be essential reading for anyone who purports to lead others. The simplest way to get your head around Marquet’s ideas is to watch the You Tube clip called “Intro-versity presents “Greatness” by David Marquet”.
I am confident it will pique your interest enough for you to rush out and by the book. Turn the Ship Aroundis a story that develops the ideas that shaped Marquet’s views on, and practices of, leadership. It’s ideas remind me somewhat of coaching, wherein the answers to a problem lie, not with the coach, but with the player – the person being coached.
Marquet eloquently describes how he moved from directive to intent-based leadership and the massive impact it had on his life as a submarine commander in the US Navy. One aspect that I love (and used in my book) is at the end of each chapter he adds a handful of “Questions to consider” which attempts to make the topic discussed in the chapter relevant and real for the reader, their leadership and their organization. To sum up, I will upgrade my opening sentence: This book mustbe essential reading for anyone who purports to lead others.
Investigative Interviewing Psychology and Practice. Rebecca Milne and Ray Bull, John Wiley and Sons. 1999
A brilliant and insightful blend of the theory (why) and the practice (how) of interviewing. Aimed at lawyers, social workers, judges and pshychologists, I believe it is just as powerful for safety professionals and coal-front leaders who want to understand what people did or saw during a workplace safety incident. Milne and Bull talk about memory creation, memory duration, question types and styles during interviews, and most importantly, and I feel most interestingly, details about how to undertake an enhanced cognitive interview.
This book is well worth at least two reads if a part or your world includes interviewing after incident or helping others improve their interviewing skills.
Safety I and Safety II: The Past and Future of Safety Management. Erik Hollnagel, Ashgate. 2014
Hollnagel starts this insightful book with an exploration of the etymology of the world ‘safety’. It is a very old word…
The main idea of Safety I and Safety IIis that Safety I is defined as a condition where as little as possible went wrong and that Safety II is defined as a condition where as much as possible goes right. It is mainly from this great book that I built (the search for gaps between) Work-as-Done, Work-as-Normal and Work-as-Intended as the basis for constructing ‘timelines’ and focusing safety investigations discussed in my book Simplicity in Safety Investigations.
Safety II in Practice: Developing Resilience Potentials. Erik Hollnagel, Routledge. 2018
I must confess that The FRAM instance on the cover initially scared me off a bit. I persevered however and am very glad that I did. Providing an overview and some new perspectives on Safety II beyond his previous work, Hollnagel moves into an explanation of Resilience and Resilience Potentials. This is such an important concept. I feel that if you are in any way connected to the creation of ‘safe work’ as a doer, a leader or a functional safety expert, you needto know this stuff.
I must also confess that I got a bit lost when Hollnagel starts explaining how to measure and plot the Resilience Potentials and how to describe their relationships using a FRAM. But that is my failing and you may really get that bit. This book is well worth a couple of reads.
Human Factors & Ergonomics in Practice: Improving System Performance and Well-Being in the Real World.Edited by Steven Shorrock and Clare Williams, CRC Press. 2017.
By review on Amazon: “Every now and again, I read a book that makes a difference in my life. This is one of those books. Before reading Human Factors & Ergonomics in Practice, I had a bit of a sense about what Human Factors (HF/E) was. I have read all of Dekker, Hollnagel, Reason and many others who all talk about HF/E and I have been exposed to investigation methods that ascribe to the ideas of HF/E. I even talk about it a little in my book, but I never really got it. Steven Shorrock and Clare Williams, along with a band of merry practitioners clearly describe what HF/E is, what HF/E is not, and provide a plethora of domain-specific examples and practitioner-centric thought that all comes together to help set the ideas of HF/E in the mind of the reader. In creating Human Factors & Ergonomics in Practice, Shorrock and Williams have given us an accessible balance between text and narrative that will be a benchmark for a long time to come.
Some of the chapter contributors that I instantly recognized are: Erik Hollnagel, Sidney Dekker, Ron Gantt, Paul Salmon, Daniel Hummerdal, Martin Bromiley and Don Harris. Divided into four parts, Claire and Steven have masterfully brought together expert theorists and expert practitioners in the field of HF/E to tell their stories that explain so much, especially to a layman like me.
Coaching for Performance: Growing Human Potential and Purpose(4thed). John Whitmore, Nicholas Brearley Publishing. 2009
The first edition was published in 1992 and I wish I had read it back then. This essential book covers all the basics such as what coaching and what coaching is not, the GROW model – that stalwart of the art of coaching, along with some great questions that you can use with it. All this is done in excellent detail along with some great practical advice and expert insight into details such as barriers to coaching, coaching teams, leadership coaching and transpersonal coaching.
Although not specifically focused on, I found Whitmore’s book invaluable as I tried to become more effective in investigating workplace safety incidents and attempting to help other people learn how to do their investigations.
Controlling Risk in a Dangerous World: 30 Techniques for Operating Excellence. Cpt. Jim Wetherbee, Morgan James Publishing. 2016
This is a brilliant book – “Operators don’t manage risk; they control risk.”
Wetherbee uses personal stories (and those of others he knows and has worked with over many years) very effectively. We learn through stories and he is a master story-teller.
Rather than a more high-level review, I am going to hone in on each of his “30 Techniques for Operating Excellence”, quoting them and then adding my thoughts and explorations as to questions and topics of interest related to the technique that may be useful in our day-to-day work as a leader or as an investigator after something has gone wrong. I know this review will end up being way too long, but I really want you to get enough of a sense of where Wetherbee is going that you will simply go out and buy the book.
1. Develop and Maintain Risk Awareness
Operators cannot identify hazards reliably or control risk effectively without mastering ‘Develop and Maintain Risk Awareness’
To start with, purposefully developing an awareness of risk. Look for it. Think about it. Chronic unease plays a part here. The more this is done, the more the awareness moves away from directed attention and conscious effort to becoming automatic over time. Ability becomes skill when we no longer have to think consciously about performance.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- How does the equipment being used work? Do those using the equipment know how it works?
- What are the vulnerabilities of the equipment? Especially those that could injure.
- Is the Original Equipment Manufacturer’s manual around, and is it read?
- Are drawings and technical details understood and used to help teams understand the risks associated with what they are working on?
- Just as a task is started, is the risk profile understood? And did it change through the task?
- If so, how was the change identified and managed?
- What is done to maintain mindfulness of what is going on during a task?
2. Control Risk
- Identify hazards – This simply must be learned and practiced
- Assess risk
- Will I, or anyone on my team be injured? If so, how badly? How can I prevent an incident?
- Implement hazard controls
- Apply the hierarchy of controls – top to bottom
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- What process is used by those doing the work, to identify the hazards?
- How did they learn how to identify and perceive hazards?
- Do they use vision to identify hazards?
- What about lines of fire, anomalies, changes, subtle energies and subtle changes?
- Do the practitioners / operators / maintainers ask: “Will I, or anyone on my team be injured? If so, how badly? How can I prevent an incident?”
- What are the risk intelligence and risk attitudes of the individual team members?
- Better risk attitude people have a higher perception of risk and a lower propensity to accept risk. The opposite tend to be over-confient.
- Risk intelligence is more about whether they know the limits of their understanding.
- Do practitioners / operators / maintainers try to improve their risk attitude by enhancing their perception of risk and reducing their personal propensity to accept risk, commensurate with the importance of the mission and their ability to control the hazards.
3. Follow Procedures (and Rules) Thoughtfully
There are only two ways to get into trouble with procedures: not following them, and following them blindly.
Managers should ask each front-line leader in the organization these questions:
- Do you think all your operating procedures are accurate? (‘Accurate’ includes being effective and representative of the organization’s collective wisdom on the best way to accomplish a task or activity?
- Does each of your operators think all of your procedures are accurate – and will help him or her be successful?
If the answer is ‘NO’ to question one, then fix the procedures and do not expect or demand compliance. Same for question two.
One of the best ways to reduce errors is to use procedures when conducting complicated operations. It is important to remember, however, that violating a rule does not always result in an accident or injury. Rare events happen rarely.
This is how operators should be thoughtful when using a procedure thoughtfully.
- Use the procedure – Every step
- When any step shouldn’t be used as specified, follow an established process
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- What procedures need to be known to get the task completed?
- How do practitioners / operators / maintainers know that they know the procedures well enough?
- How critical is it for the procedures of interest to be followed precisely?
- Are all the procedures accurate? (Able to be followed and will result in safe work every time)
- What happens when the procedures of interest cannot be followed?
- Are adaptive ‘principles-based techniques’ used when procedures do not exist?
- Do the practitioners / operators / maintainers understand:
- The worst consequence if they do not control the hazards,
- The criticality or importance, of the mission they are involved in,
- Their ability to controlthe hazards?
4. Employ Two-Person Rule
- I intend to…
- Hold hand over controls briefly before activating (telegraphing the action)
- Verbalise intended action, to self and/or others around: “I am going to open valve B21”
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- When two or more people are on a task, what level of involvement do they have in the thinking and process of a task?
- Do practitioners / operators / maintainers use a form of:
- I intend to…
- Hold hand over controls briefly before activating (telegraphing the action)
- Verbalise intended action, to self and/or others around: “I am going to open valve B21”
5. Identify Trigger Steps (execution steps with immediate consequences)
- A trigger step is one that has immediate consequences. There is no time to stop and go back.
- Identify these and apply extra vigilance prior to actioning the step. (I’m about to do something that will have consequences. Have I checked everything one last time? Have I forgotten anything?)
- A simple example is leaving a hotel room. Stop before you close the door and double check you have the room key.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- Do the practitioners / operators / maintainers know what trigger steps exist for their task?
- How do they prepare and manage for them?
6. Perform Verification
- Simple verification
- Just check it. Review the procedure after the action and check that all steps were carried out as per the procedure.
- Redundant verification
- Two different types of gauges that monitor the same variables. Or two different people cross-checking that a task has been completed. For example, “Cabin crew, set doors to automatic and cross-check”
- Dissimilar verification
- Is there an independent system we can check? Or cross-check? Can we look at the system from a different perspective? For example, after setting four switches two down and two up, look at the pattern of switches and check it is as planned.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- After each step or part process of a procedure in a task, what do the practitioners / operators / maintainers do to verify that the step was carried out as per the procedure or ‘principle-based technique’?
7. Protect Equipment and Systems
Taking care of your gear will prevent failures and extend the life of the equipment, also minimising the likelihood of failures.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- What are the vulnerabilities of the equipment and systems associated with the work?
- Which bits are pushed beyond their capability during work?
- Does / did the work involve working outside the spec / guidelines of the equipment?
8. Expect Failures (System and Human)
Expect failure in yourself, what you are using and everyone else. (I assume everyone else on the road is trying to kill me). Chronic unease fits in here. Always have a back-up plan. Anticipate a failure and already know what you are going to do. Always be ready for failure.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- What failures are normally expected when doing (specific) work?
- What redundancy do the practitioners / operators / maintainers build into the way they work?
- What contingencies / recovery plans do operator / maintainers build into their work?
9. Develop Error Wisdom (Individual and Collective)
In order to understand how errors are made and to learn how to develop and use techniques to avoid adverse consequences from errors made so easily.
- We learn from making mistakes
- Own up to your (to yourself at least) mistakes and errors
- Look for them in all you do. We need to deliberately and skilfully learn from mistakes
- Create a personal list of errors against procedures for a shift / week / month and explore it.
- Become error wise
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- What mistakes usually occur during the (specific) work being done?
- Which bits of a procedure do the practitioners / operators / maintainers usually make mistakes in?
10. Use Error-Mitigation Techniques
- Reduce the likelihood of errors (before the operation)
- Capture incipient errors before they occur (during the operation)
- Mitigate the consequences of errors (after the operation)
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- What Human Factors / Ergonomics factors / design issues exist around the work being undertaken?
- Exactly, how are practitioners / operators / maintainers trained in the task / procedure?
- Exactly, how do practitioners / operators / maintainers use checklists and procedures?
- Are mistakes and errors discussed in the team quickly?
11. Develop and Execute A Plan (For All Critical Phases of Operations)
You must have an overall understanding of the mission, capabilities, purpose of the activity, equipment and systems to be used beforeyou can explore the critical phases and build a plan.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- How do the practitioners / operators / maintainers:
- Build an outward focus and sense emergent hazards immediately
- Predict trigger steps, consequences and ‘What if?” scenarios (chronic unease)
- Expect failure
- Conduct task post-mortems
- Be ready to change the plans if needed.
- Maintain a suitable level of situational awareness
- Anticipate increasing risk and always be ready to invoke a contingency plan (See technique 12)?
12. Have a Continuation Plan
As you prepare for the task, and after you have identified your trigger steps and critical phases, develop in your mind what you will do if any of these steps do not go as planned. How will you recover from the situation beforeit develops into a catastrophe or injury?
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- What are the trigger steps and critical phases of the task?
- For each trigger step, what is the plan if it goes south?
13. Preserve Options During Operations
- Always keep at least one option on the table
- Do not rely on hope
- Do not get trapped without an escape route
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- What is the practitioners / operators / maintainer’s final get-out-of-gaol option or escape route (and that would normally, or was designed to prevent the incident)?
14. Reduce Exposure to Hazards
This is the most powerful technique. The further you operate from danger, the more likely will be your chances to complete the mission.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- In what ways do the team or practitioners / operators / maintainer attempt to / succeed in minimizing exposure to hazards during a task?
15. Maintain Positive Control (When Moving Objects)
- Understand control
- Maintain connection
- Prevent unintended collisions
i. Maintain accurate knowledge of local environment
ii. Anticipate potential conflicts or collisions
iii. Assume the worst
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- If the task is related to a moving object, does the team understand the control approach, how to maintain connection with the object, or anticipate failure and attempt to control it?
16. Balance Confidence with Humility (Individual and Organizational)
Supreme confidence must be tempered with healthy self-doubt. Without confidence, operators will make mistakes. Without humility, operators will not realize they are making mistakes. Always ask yourself “What have we missed?” “What mistakes have we made which can be corrected before it is too late?”
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- How do the practitioners / operators / maintainers, at some point or points, ask themselves “what have we missed?”, What mistakes have we made which can be corrected before it is too late?”
17. Communicate Effectively and Verify Communications
- Communicate earlier rather than later
- Communicate during operation (effectively and efficiently)
- Remember that communication is a two-way process so verify understanding of the communication
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- How are intentions communicated before and during the task?
- How does the team verify that communications before and during the task were effective?
18. Be Prepared Mentally
This is all about maintaining the right attitude before and during an operation. This can be different for different people in different situations. It is all about the attitude that works best for a person to resist the psychological pressure and avoid cognitive incapacitation. A simple example is stage fright. A simple mindset in this case is to remember that the only important people in the room are the audience, not you. You are irrelevant. The audience receiving a good experience is all that matters.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- How do the practitioners / operators / maintainers prepare mentally for the task?
- What is the attitude to the job amongst the individuals in the team?
19. Be Mindful During Operations
- Technical knowledge
- Teamwork
- T-0 vigilance (T minus zero)
- Cognition (controlling and automatic)
- Fields of vision
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- What is the:
o The technical knowledge of the practitioner / operator / maintainer and the team,
o The team members (and the individual practitioner / operator / maintainer’s own) strengths and weaknesses related to the task,
o Their level of T-zero vigilance,
o The balance between controlling and automatic cognition,
o The ranging and variation in their focus (narrow – world view) during the task
20. Think Fast and Act Deliberately
The best operators must think fast. Yet not act too fast. They must assess the situation and process information quickly but must not rush and make mistakes. Operating excellence comes from being deliberate, not being fast.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- What is the balance between thinking and ‘deciding quickly and acting’? (jump in or slow contemplation)
21. Recognize Divergence
The best operators are highly skilled in identifying the early signals of an impending accident and taking corrective action to prevent the accident and improve operating performance. They identify “weak signals”.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- How does the practitioner / operator / maintainer keep an eye out for weak signals, and then act to prevent an incident?
- Change in scope of work
- Unexpected event or situation
- Abnormal event or situation
- Minor failure
- Hurrying
- Distraction
- Fatigue
- Psychological of physical stress
- Below are from “The Multitasking Myth” Loukopolous, Dismukes and Barshi – Ashgate, 2009 (to be added to the list above):
- Interruptions and distractions
- Tasks that cannot be executed in their normal practiced sequence
- Unanticipated new task demands arise
- Multiple tasks that must be performed concurrently.
22. Share and Challenge Mental Models
Collectively, through sharing and conversations and challenging, teams, build a common mental model of the work and each person’s role within it. The same is true for each member; sharing their mental models helps them have clarity. This reminds me of the intent model of David Marquet.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- How do individuals share the mental models about the work amongst the team prior to and during the work?
- How do they signal their collective / individual intent/s? (Do they telegraph or speak the intent prior to the task? for example)
23. Challenge “Go” Deliberations
The idea here is not only challenge the ‘no-go’ decisions, but also the ‘go’ decisions. Spend sufficient time to think about whether it is actually right to proceed, rather than just doing it.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- Do the team stop or pause at any point to consider whether going ahead is the correct path (as compared to stopping)
24. Be Assertive (To Authority) When Necessary
Speak up. You are the one at risk, not the manager. If you are the manager, encourage and reward speaking up.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- How often does the practitioner / operator / maintainer ‘Speak up?”
25. Be Cognizant of Limitations (In The Sociotechnical System)
You need to be very aware of your own limitations, the limitations of the other team members, the limitations of the tools, equipment, software and the limitations of the procedures you are using. Make your decisions and actions based on these limitations.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- What are the limitations of: the practitioner / operator / maintainer, the team members, tools, equipment, software, the procedures?
26. Assess Competence (In Team Members)
Do not just rely on the fact that people have been trained.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- What is the competence balance amongst the team with respect to the task at hand?
27. Acknowledge (Personal) Weaknesses
Groups perform better than individuals because the group can overcome the weaknesses of some members with the strengths of other members. The group greatly benefits when team members share their weaknesses. Look for, and value people who understand and acknowledge their weaknesses, know the limits of their capability, and are eager to learn and develop ways of mitigate their weaknesses.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- What are the individual practitioner / operator / maintainer’s strengths and weaknesses and do their team members know them?
28. Admit Errors
When an error is admitted quickly and candidly to teammates as soon as the error is recognized, corrective actions can be taken to mitigate the consequences more effectively and completely.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- As errors occur, how and when does the operator / maintainer admit them to their team mates?
29. Use Methods to Aid Weak Prospective Memory
Humans are poor at remembering to do things into the future. Put your house keys next to your car keys so you don’t forget them. Set alarms so you don’t forget things at certain times.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- When faced with interruptions / divergence from the task (see No.21), what does the practitioner / operator / maintainer do to aid prospective memory?
30. Demand Operating Excellence From Myself First (Then Inspire Others)
Do as I do, as well as what I say. You cannot demand operating excellence from others if you don’t believe in it and do it yourself.
Leadership / Investigation Thoughts:
- How does the practitioner / operator / maintainer describe their level of operating excellence as compared with the other team members.
Simplicity in Safety Investigations: A Practitioner’s Guide to Applying Safety Science. Ian Long, Routledge. 2018
Hey, of course I am going to put this one in 🙂
I must confess that it is not easy, or even possible to critically review your own book, so I will instead copy and paste in a review from Stephen Marriot at IOSH Magazine.
“This is not a big book, but it packs a lot of ideas into 142 pages. The author, now a consultant but formerly in a senior OSH post at Australian miner and nickel refiner BHP Billiton, has a lot of experience to draw on but he is also clearly well read. One of the strengths of this book is how he harnesses theories from writers such as Todd Conklin and Daniel Kahneman to the service of accident analysis.
Rating: 4/5
Long makes a virtue of this “recombinant innovation”, making new techniques by combining existing ones.
His strongest message, channelling Erik Hollnagel’s Safety II and Sidney Dekker’s safety differently approaches (see above), is that investigations do not have to be restricted to unpicking things that have gone wrong. Long’s recommended “outcome analysis” technique can be applied equally to a period with no recordable incidents as to a safety failure.
The basic investigation approach he advocates is a gap analysis between “work as done” – what was happening at the time of the accident, “work as normal” and “work as intended” – what the procedures or method statements prescribe. This can be applied to a small local investigation by the people involved in a task or a larger manager-led exercise after a serious accident or near-miss.
Data gathering should use a PEEPO structure, he argues, dividing information into the categories of people, environment, equipment, procedures/documentation and organisation.
He has sound advice about scene preservation, team formation and the attitude investigators should adopt: open-minded and curious, cultivating what he calls “generous listening” and using a coaching approach to draw information out of interviewees rather than closing down an inquiry with leading questions.
The jacket blurb suggests the book could be used by supervisors and managers as well as safety professionals. Long helpfully splits out the more detailed explanations of theoretical underpinnings such as “shared space” theory or the various heuristics that can bias investigators, into a section headed “The technical and scientific stuff”, which leaves a manageable 56 pages that could be passed on to a non-practitioner as a primer.
This is a well-written and well-edited book; for many readers used to a more functional approach it may not bring simplicity to their investigations, but it will surely add rigour.”
Stephen Marriot, ioshmagazine.com
Summary of mega-blog
Although I have only covered 20 books here I hope that in the reading of the books themselves, you become interested in the topics covered and think and talk about them with others. I also hope you read more of the books on the topics of interest to you and continue to help make your workplace and the world a safer place.
Ian